¡®Sheng(àý)¡¯ has firstly obtained the moral meaning of ¡®reflection¡¯ in the Confucius Analects. So Confucius is the first thinker who invents the meaning of ¡®reflection¡¯. But his descendent thinkers, like Mozi and..., ÇØÇÇÇмú"/>
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¿µ¹®Á¦¸ñ : A Study on ¡®Reflection(Úãàý)¡¯ in The Early Confucianism Period : On the Origin of the Concept of ¡®Reflection¡¯

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Abstract
 
 
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This paper aims to illuminate the origin and the moral philosophical context of the concept of ¡®reflection¡¯. I"m going to focus on the word ¡®fan(Úã)¡¯ and ¡®sheng(àý)¡¯.
¡®Sheng(àý)¡¯ has firstly obtained the moral meaning of ¡®reflection¡¯ in the Confucius Analects. So Confucius is the first thinker who invents the meaning of ¡®reflection¡¯. But his descendent thinkers, like Mozi and Menzi, use the term of ¡®fan(Úã)¡¯ instead of Confucius"s ¡®sheng(àý)¡¯.
¡®Fan(Úã)¡¯ meant ¡®to be contrary to each other¡¯, ¡®to return¡¯, ¡®rather¡¯ in the canons like Shijing(ãÌÌè), Shujing(ßöÌè), and Lunyu(ÒÕåÞ). The usage of ¡®fan¡¯ in these canons is not philosophical language but ordinary and simple language. Mozi was the first thinker who use ¡®fan¡¯ as the meaning of reflection. It means when a person is faced with a unexpected failure or a wrongdoing, he has to seek the cause of those results from himself instead of others or think over about those result for preventing any recurrence. Mozi also use ¡®fan¡¯ as ordinary and simple language.
Menzi"s usage of ¡®fan¡¯ has three types. The first type is ordinary and simple language like ¡®to be contrary to each other¡¯, ¡®to return¡¯, ¡®rather¡¯. The second type is exactly the same as Mozi"s usage to reflect upon oneself. Menzi"s acception of Mozi"s usage of ¡®fan¡¯ shows the Mozi"s philosophical influence for Menzi. The third type shows Menzi"s characteristic theory that human nature is originally good. Menzi" insists that if one can reflect and concentrate upon oneself, then he may ascertain the existence of the innate moral inclination which is called ¡®the Four Beginnings¡¯. This type of reflection must proceed before doing any action. The aim of this type of reflection is not preventing any recurrence of failure or wrongdoing, but having a confidence for the natural morality.
Xunzi uses ¡®fan¡¯ as everyday language and replaces ¡®fan¡¯ with ¡®sheng(àý)¡¯. ¡®Fan¡¯ loses the philosophical meaning and ¡®sheng¡¯ gained the role of ¡®fan¡¯ in Xunzi. Xunzi"s distinctive usage of ¡®sheng¡¯ is a direct involvement with the learning and Li(çß) and this feature is related to his theory that human nature is originally evil. There¡¯s one other point which claims our attention. The combination of ¡®fan¡¯ and ¡®sheng¡¯ and appearance of the word ¡®fansheng(Úãàý)¡¯ in later ages is by virture of Xunzi"s usage of ¡®sheng¡¯.
 
 
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