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분야
docx* Footnotes
To Laing & from Laing
Anti-Psychiatry by R. D. Laing
Counter-culture of Laing – using drugs, LSD
Finding meaning in madness
Ontological insecurity
The social context of mental misery
Candid confrontation
Critical perspectives
Myth and Reality
References
To Laing & from Laing
Kierkegaard, Nietzsche, Tillich, Heidegger, Buber, Jaspers, Merlue-Ponty, Husserl, Sartre
① Karl Jaspers: 과학적 관점의 관찰이나 인과율에 따르는 설명을 거부하고 환자의 실제적이고 의미 중심, 의식적인 경험을 중요시 여겼다. Eugene Minkowki: 특정 심리적 문제를 구체적인 경험의 시간과 연결 지었다.
Binswanger: 비록 Laing 스스로 그에게 영향 받았다고 하지는 않았지만, “미침”을 설명할 때, 누군가 “아프다”고 판단되는 것은 저마다의 사회적 행동에 벗어난 어떠한 사회적 행동을 하기 때문이고, 따라서 그가 매우 특이하고 이상하게 보이는 것이라고 한 언급을 차용했다.
② Psychoanalytic thinking: 프로이트로부터 직접적인 영향보다 영국의 대상 관계 이론에 더 많은 영향을 받았다. Tavistock Institute에서 수련 받고 연구하는 동안, 많은 영국 정신분석가들에게 영향을 받았고, 아동기의 경험, 특별히 사랑 없음을 경험함이 어른의 행동에 미치는 영향을 설명하는 Winnicott의 영향을 받았다. 자유 연상이나 전이 해석을 시도했다.
③ Harry Stack Sullivan: 인간관계 정신의학(Interpersonal Psychiatry)에 의한 영향을 받았다. 정신분열증이 역기능적인 가족 상호 작용과 관련이 있다는 Gregory Bateson의 영향도 받았다.
④ Social-humanistic-libertarian’s standpoint: 부정함을 타파하기 위한 노력과 거시적인 이해 없이는 미시적 관점에서 결코 이해될 수 없다. 따라서 인간은 가족 시스템을 떠나서는 생각할 수 없고, 또한 가족은 사회적, 문화적, 정치적 맥락을 떠나서 생각될 수 없다.
⑤ His own childhood experience: 그에게 미친 가장 큰 영향력은 어린 시절 부모와의 관계에서 온 차갑고 혼란을 야기하는 부모의 태도였다. 그의 어머니는 그를 존재를 매우 한탄하며 그가 세상에 있는 것을 마치 싫어하듯 보였고, 가장 애착을 많이 느낄 나이에 장난감이나 악기를 부수고 그가 조금 더 자란 뒤에는 Ronald 인형을 만들어서 심장마비에 걸려 죽길 바라며 심장에 핀을 찌르는 것과 같은 파괴적인 행동을 아이 앞에서 보였다. 하지만 그의 어머니는 이러한 적대적인 감정을 지속적으로 부정했는데, 그에게 강박적이고 감압적으로 그의 해동을 통제해서 심지어 학교에 가기 전날까지 그를 집 밖으로 못 나가게 했다.
⑥ Laing에겐 particular therapeutic system이 존재하지는 않았지만, 미국 실존주의자인 Kirk Schneider는 Laing의 치료가 고도의 예술이라며 그 독특성을 극찬했다. Emmy van Deurzen은 그의 접근 방법에서 실존적인 면을 더욱 발전 시켰으며, Philadelphia Association의 M. Guy Thompson은 정신역동적인 면을 발전시켰다. Laing의 치료는 ‘진실한 현존’이라는 관계를 추구했다는 점에서 인정을 받는다. 마스크 아래의 진정한 자신을 발견해서 알지 못하는 부분들을 더 받아들이고, 치료적으로 치료하는 관계를 만들고자 했다.
Anti-Psychiatry by R. D. Laing
It clearly expressed some of the ideas that were to make Laing infamous: the idea that schizophrenia is a label and that the peculiar behavior it refers to should be attributed to a family, rather than individual.
New ideas about social interaction were emerging at this point and although much of this innovation was in sociology and anthropology, rather than psychiatry, some did emerge within the latter.
I do not myself believe that there is any such “condition” as “schizophrenia”. Yet the label is a social fact. Indeed this label as social fact, is a political event. This political event, occurring in the civic order of society, imposes definitions and consequences on the labeled person.
After being subjected to a degredational ceremonial known as a psychiatric examination he is bereft of his civic liberties in being imprisoned in a total institution known as a “mental” hospital. More completely, more radically than anywhere else in our society he is invalidated as a human being.
… this work must not move to further understanding, not only of the internal disturbed and disturbing patterns of communication within families, of the double-binding procedures, the pseudo-mutuality, of what I have called the mystifications and the untenable positions, but also the meaning of all this within the context of the civic order of society, that is, of the political order, of the ways persons exercise control and power over one another.
… no attempt is made to present a comprehensive account of schizophrenia. No attempt is made to explore constitutional or organic aspects. No attempt is made to describe my own relationship with these patients, or my own method of therapy.
… a little girl of seventeen [sic] in a mental hospital told me she was terrified because the Atom Bomb was inside her. That is a delusion. The statesmen of the world who boast and threaten that they have Doomsday weapons are far more dangerous, and far more estranged from “reality” than many of the people on whom the label “psychotic” is affixed.
Psychiatry could be, and some psychiatrists are, on the side of transcendence, of genuine freedom, and of human growth. But psychiatry can so easily be a technique of brainwashing, of inducing behavior that is adjusted, by (preferably) non-injurous torture. In the best places, where straightjackets are abolished, doors are unlocked, leucotomies largely forgone, these can be replaced by more subtle lobotomies and tranquilizers that place the bars of Bedlam and the locked doors inside the patient. Thus I would wish to emphasize that our “normal” “adjusted” state is too often the abdication of ecstacy, the betrayal of our true potentialities,that many of us are only too successful in acquiring a false self to adapt to false realities.
Counter-culture of Laing – using drugs, LSD
Laing experimented a great deal with LSD, both with patients and with friends and he established himself as something of an expert on the subject, particularly in relation to “bad trips”, within the counter-culture (N. Crossley). LSD had been synthesized in 1938, its effects first being noted in 1943, and it had excited psychiatrists, particularly in the U.S.A., as those effects, particularly hallucinations, closely resembled the symptoms of schizophrenia.
He
http://laingsociety.org/index.htm
http://www.sonoma.edu/users/d/daniels/laingsummary.html
http://www.writing.upenn.edu/~afilreis/50s/laing.html
http://www.facebook.com/pages/R-D-Laing/30547600260?ref=ts#
N. Crossley, R. D. Laing and the British anti-psychiatry movement: a socio-historical analysis, Soc. Sci. Med. Vol. 47, No. 7, 877-899, 1998
