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분야
doc1.1 Classification
1.2 Characteristics different from Forward Logistics
2. The System of reverse logistics
2.1 The Reason of reverse logistics
2.2 The process of reverse logistics
3. The effect of reverse logistics
3.1 Reverse logistics as a competitive strategy
3.2 Reverse logistics implemented in some organizations
3.3 Cost and Profitability of Reverse Logistics
3.4 Cost and profit of Reverse Logistics
3.5 Reverse Logistics and the Environment
4. Obstruction to reverse logistics
4.1 Friction between manufacturer and retailer
4.2 Lack of information about return process
4.3 Passive posture
Reference
Distribution Returns refers to all those returns that are initiated by a supply chain actor during distribution after the product has been made (including the manufacturer). It refers to product recalls, commercial returns, stock adjustments and functional returns. Product recalls are products recollected because of safety or health problems with the products, and the manufacturer or a supplier usually initiates them. Commercial returns are all those returns where a buyer has a contractual option to return products to the seller. This can refer to wrong/damaged deliveries, or to unsold products that retailers or distributors return to e.g. the wholesaler or manufacturer.
The latter include outdated products, i.e. those products whose shelf life has been too long (e.g. pharmaceuticals and food) and may no longer be sold. Stock adjustments go on when an actor in the chain re-distributes stocks, for instance among warehouses or shops. Finally, functional returns concern all the products that its inherent function makes them going back and forward in the chain. An obvious example is the one of distribution carriers as pallets: their function is to carry other products and they can serve this purpose several times. Summarizing, distribution returns comprehend:
• product recalls;
• commercial returns (e.g. unsold products, wrong/damaged deliveries);
• stock adjustments;
• functional returns;
Customer/User Returns
The third group consists of customer returns, those returns initiated by a customer or user and/or as a result of consumption/use, in the large extent). Again there is a variety of reasons to return the products
• reimbursement guarantees;
• warranty returns;
• service returns (repairs and spare-parts);
• end-of-use;
• end-of-life;
The reasons have been listed more or less according to the lifecycle of a product.
Reimbursement guarantees give customers the opportunity to change their minds about purchasing (commonly shortly after having received/acquired the product) when their needs or expectations are not met. The list of motives is long, e.g. with respect to clothes dissatisfaction may be due to size, color, fabric’s properties and so
on. Independent of the motive, when a customer returns a new product benefiting from a money-back-guarantee or an equivalent, we are in the presence of reimbursement guarantees returns.
2.2 The process of reverse logistics
This part include the actors and the processes. Reverse logistics actors can be differentiated into returners, receivers and collectors / processors. Any party can be a returner, including customers. Receivers can be found in the whole supply chain, hence suppliers, manufacturers, wholesalers, retailers. Next there is a group of actors
involved in reverse logistic activities, such as collection and processing. They are independent intermediaries, specific recovery
Going Backwards:Reverse Logistics Trends and Practices / University of Nevada, Reno
Reverse Logistics Process Reengineering: Improving Customer Service Quality / Mohammad M. Amini Donna Retzlaff-Roberts
