enforcement Procedure)
上記한 EU법의 특성은 유럽법원의 判例에 의해 발전되어온 개념이다. 판례에 의해 EU법의 2가지 특성인 ꡐ직접효력ꡑ과 ꡐ우위의 원칙ꡑ을 발전시켜 나올 수 있었던 제도적 장치로서 實體法上으로는 EU법상의 선결적 판결 이고, 節次法上으로는 강제이행절차
influence of cartel
1)By increasing prices,
and 2)decreasing outputs
Cartel harms consumer’s benefit
History of the Leniency Program
Since the adoption of the U.S.
of the Leniency Program in 1973,
numerous countries, such as the EU,
the UK, Australia, have adopted it.
South Korea also adopted the program
in 1997
(legislated in 1996, enforced from 1997)
of stabilized international price. It is revealed that LPG supply companies determined LPG sales price many times through the exchange of information and contact. Also, LPG suppliers established and enforced various ways to shirk competition and maintain price at a high level. Therefore, Fair Trade Commission ordered prohibition of unfair common action through the exchange of information.
enforcing sweets.
Operating stores under direct managements: It is difficult to deliver fresh fruits, vegetables and fish to Shanghai because of the bad condition of distribution network. => keep many customers as patron.
Each piece-centered sales: Because of the shopping patterns of Chinese who walk or ride bicycles, purchasing amount is so small.
Providing worki
Ⅰ. 개요
원래 ‘법의 지배’는 국가권력이 법에 의할 것을 요구함과 동시에, 한편 시민생활 영역에 가급적이면 국가권력이 개입하지 말 것, 즉 시민적 자율(civil autonomy)을 존중할 것을 그 요구 내용으로 하였다. 법치는 자유국가(liberal state), 최소정부(cheap government), 법적 자제(legal abstention, deregulation)