(1973) 4 Stages of Second Language Development
1. Random Error(Presystematic): Vaguely aware that there is systematic order. Stage of experimentation and inaccurate guessing
2. Emergent: In consistency in linguistic production. Begin to internalize certain rules. ‘U-shaped learning’. Unable to correct errors when they are pointed out. Avoidance of structures and topics.
What is the role of the teacher? And students?
Facilitator
Adviser
Co-communicator
Communicator
Responsible manager of their own learning
Communicator
Responsible manager of their own learning
Communicative activity
(game, role play, problem-solving task)
- For truly communicative
: Information gap, Choice, Feedback
Authentic material
Small groupsa
Developed by
James Asher,
a professor of psychology
at San Jose State University, California
To draw on several traditions,
including developmental psychology,
learning theory, and humanistic pedagogy
Listening competence
before speaking competence
Listening comprehension is acquired due to physical response in the form of commands
초등영어기초이론 Final Exam Study Guide
*1~4번 모두 Second Language Acquisition(SLA, 제2언어 습득이론)과 연관된 개념ㅋ
*2번은 Krashen의 입력 가설(Input Hypothesis)와 연관이 있기 때문에 Input Hypothesis 설명하고 나서 Output Hypothesis 설명하겠음 (2번 다음에 1번 설명 있음)
* Input Hypothesis: 언어 습득이 이루어지기 위
1. Introduction
Feedback is an important element in second language acquisition (SLA). If non-native speakers (NNS) are not given proper feedback by native speakers (NS), they cannot substantially acquire L2. That is, SLA will not be completed without feedback. L2 learners may be able to acquire the grammatical aspects of L2 on their own by learning through books, but it is challenging to teach