Peptides are released by neurosecretory nuclei of the hypothalamus into the hypophyseal portal venous blood surrounding the pituitary which are the major controllers of GH secretion by the somatotropes.
balance of these stimulating and inhibiting peptides determines GH release, this balance is affected by many physiological stimulators (e.g., exercise, nutrition, sleep) and inhibitors of GH s
Two Sources of body water gain
- internal production : Water produced from the oxidation of organic nutrients
- ingestion : water ingested in liquids and foods
Four sites that lose water
- skin, respiratory air ways, gastrointestinal tract, and urinary tract
- Menstrual flow (in women)
The body gains sodium and chloride by ingestion and loses them via the skin (in sweat
hormone balance
alcohol , gestational diabetes, caffeine
A small percentage found to be familial
occurs at more commonly in congenital malformation
Prader-Willi syndrome, Noonan syndrome
the most common diagnostic dilemma
more common than truly undescended testes
do not need any treatment
as cremaster muscle relaxes or contracts, the testis moves
cremasteric reflex is