1. History of Victims’Role in Criminal Trials
Victim-dominated Criminal Justice System
Distrust to tyrant (Political view - Prosecutor)
Reduce operating cost (Economic view - Victim)
Decline of victims’ participation
Practical reason: high rate of crime, but low rate of apprehension
- Population, townman assistance, bounty hunter
Philosophical reason: enlightenment theory
- S
Note: Victims were only counted in the category representing their maximum number of victimisations
In 2008-09, 817,000 males and 578,200 females reported being the victim of personal crime.
Threatened assault was the most common personal crime, experienced by 51 percent of males and 52
Percent of females.
Sexual assault was the least common personal crime, experienced by only one percent o
Feature of Guardian Angels
1. They seek rapprochement with law enforcement and community leaders.
2. They are nationally controlled, largely made up of young minorities.
3. They don't rely on government funding, maintain independence from local police.
4. They are willing to intervene in crimes.
(Angels will intervene to assist victims and
Extensive disappearance of
reliable documentary evidences, to make sure
the responsibilities of
Japanese military & officials
일본군과 관료의 책임을 명확히 증명해 줄 신뢰성 있는 많은 문서자료의 소실
the lack of academic studies & assessment & agreement
about the problem
Came from
the sociocultural prejudices
about sex crimes
성범죄에 대한 사
are liable to penal servitude or even life imprisonment in jail; that they will repeal the statute of limitations on the crime of sexual abuse; that additional or worse punishment can be inflicted on professors or workers of facilities for handicapped or disabled individuals; and that they will adopt resolutions to prevent human rights violation, such as sexual abuse, on disabled individuals.