(2) 인지론적 접근(cognitive approach)
Mandler 와 Sarason이 만든 시험불안 검사를 요인 분석한 Liebert 와 Morris (1967)는 시험불안이 두가지 요소 즉 염려(worry) 와 걱정(emotionality)으로 구성되어 있다고 했다. 염려는 시험불안의 인지적 측면을 지칭하는 것으로 주로 자신, 상황 또는 결과에 관한 부정적 예견을 말한
self-esteem,
appearance self-esteem etc.
중략
Cognitive approach
Self-esteem ⇔ your explanatory style
→ Controllability
How do you see the failure?
3 factors
- Pervasiveness: Specific? Or Universal?
- Permanence: The bad events will persist?
- Personalization: Is it my own fault?
⇒ Depending on how you see it,
the result can be changed!
at Valley Forge Hospital in Pennsylvania during the Korean War.
1954 Beck joined the faculty of the University of Pennsylvania
1958 Beck graduated in the Philadelphia Institute of Psychoanalysis
1961 work more intensely on his cognitive approach to depression, and he developed the Beck Depression Inventory (BDI)
2012 He presently lives in Pennsylvania with his wife of 57 years, Phyllis.
researches on the socio-cognitive variables and situational factors that decide political conservatism with a construal approach. Hodson and Busseri’s (2012) research demonstrated that low cognitive ability correlated with a strong right-wing ideology and a high degree of prejudice. Also, Eidelman’s (2012) research demonstrated how low cognitive investment promoted political conservatism.
3. Types of Learning disability
1) Academic Learning disability
These Disabilities are also respectively termed "dyslexia"(Reading Disorder), "dysgraphia"(Writing Disorder), and "dyscalculia"(Mathematics disorder). Youth with learning disabilities most are reading disabled.
(1) Reading Disability
Children with reading problems may struggle to read excessively slowly or