(1973) 4 Stages of Second Language Development
1. Random Error(Presystematic): Vaguely aware that there is systematic order. Stage of experimentation and inaccurate guessing
2. Emergent: In consistency in linguistic production. Begin to internalize certain rules. ‘U-shaped learning’. Unable to correct errors when they are pointed out. Avoidance of structures and topics.
of 6 years and consists of two distinct phases.
From birth to three years old, the young child unknowingly or unconsciously acquires his basic abilities.
As about the age of 3 years, the child’s capacity for such powerful absorption shifts to a more conscious, purposeful type.
The notion of control oferror is often misunderstood to mean that children should be ushered by the materia
In the 1970s, educators began to question why students were not able to use the language though
they seemed to know the rules of
linguistic usage.
Being able to communicate
required more communicative
Competence than linguistic
competence
learner acquires language through motor movement – a right-hemisphere activity. Right-hemisphere activities must occur before the left hemisphere can process language for production. Similarly, the adult should proceed to language mastery through right-hemisphere motor activities, while the left hemisphere watches and learns. When a sufficient amount of right-hemisphere learning has taken p
“All human beings have a need for Phatic communion (Malinowski, 1923)
Focuses on how people explain the causes of their own successes and failures
Very personal, egoistic nature of SLA
Learners take on a new identity with their newly acquired competence
→ SLA involves some degree of identity conflict
Guiora et al. (1972):
a direct relationship between inhibition
and pronunciatio