port the claim that cruising is an industry in its own right.
According to Ward (2011), the cruise industry has a $15 billion turnover. It employs over 100,000 shipboard officers and crew as well as approximately 15,000 employees ashore. Indirectly, the industry providers employment for food suppliers, engineering services, manufacturers, port agents and authorities, transport companies, touris
but also economies of scope. Airline industry regards individual flight as distinct product. They use hub airport and spoke airport to reduce cost. However, we can’t easily guarantee that airline industry will easily enjoy this cost reduction. There are high probabilities that economies of scope might turn into diseconomies of scope such as lead time, malfunctioning and environmental issue.
① Stellenbosch
케이프 타운 근처에 있으며 가장 훌륭한 레드와인을 생산하고 있다. 남아공 와인의 20%를 생산해내는 남아공 와인산업의 메카라고 부를 수 있는 지역이다. 이 산지의 대표 와이너리로는 Beyerskloof, Longridge, Rust en Vrede, Rustenberg, Kanonkop, Thelema, Neil Ellis, Meerlust, Warwick Estate등이 있다.
② Constantia
relatively low cost by outsourcing. Since distribution channel is not directly related to product quality, Nokia could gain competitiveness by outsourcing or having alliances with local corporations.
2.2.4 MARKETING AND SALES
Building ‘Brand’
Brand consulting company called Interbrand which evaluated Nokia’s brand value as 8th in the world in 2010. In fact, it had been ranked in to
port was general cargo handling, storage, and trade. Since there was no interactive service with other ports or terminals during this period, the scale of the port was considered as ‘port city’. In that time, a port authority simply played a role of nautical service provider.
Stage 2: From mid 19th century to mid 20th century which the boom of industrialization occurred the port provided m