(1973) 4 Stages of Second Language Development
1. Random Error(Presystematic): Vaguely aware that there is systematic order. Stage of experimentation and inaccurate guessing
2. Emergent: In consistency in linguistic production. Begin to internalize certain rules. ‘U-shaped learning’. Unable to correct errors when they are pointed out. Avoidance of structures and topics.
Method
6. Findings – the result of the research
7. Findings – Analysis
8. Limitation to generalize the theory
9. Conclusion & Significance
Occurring when a learner produces different variants of a particular IL form
1. Linguistic environments
2. Social conditions such as Interlocutors
3. Physical locations
(Tarone 1979, 1988
1. Systematic Interlanguage Variation
√ linguistic environment
√ social condition
√ interlocutor
√ physical location
(Tarone 1979, 1988)
2. Debate between SLA researcher & theoretician
Non-variationist Variationist
View of language Language as an idealized form
(exclude variations) IL variation
(include variations)
Focus Internal mental pr
Reflect the use of the linguistic system itself
Sociolinguistic Competence
: the knowledge of the sociocultural rules of language and of discourse.
Strategic Competence
: the verbal and nonverbal communication strategies that may be called into action to compensate for breakdowns in communication due to performance variables or due to insufficient competence
(Canale & Swain)
Why Should His Works Be Included?
1st reason : The definition of the field of public administration accepted in Taylor’s day
Premises of Definition
Administration should be separated from political and policy concerns
Administrators should be limited to the detailed and systematic execution of public law
1st reason : The definition of the field of public administration accepted in Ta