To prevent a cartel harming consumer’s benefit,
lots of Governments adopted the Leniency program
1) Definition
a syndicate or trust of firms,
created to generate unfair profits
2) Bad influence of cartel
1)By increasing prices,
and 2)decreasing outputs
Cartel harms consumer’s benefit
History of the Leniency Program
Since the adoption of the U.S.
of the Leniency Pro
Executive Summary
Cartel, a syndicate or trust of firms which is created to generate unfair profits, harms the consumers by increasing prices and decreasing outputs which eventually lead to inefficiency of the whole market. Leniency program is one which makes cartel broken by using ‘whistle blowers’. We choose the one example of Leniency program case “Imposing penalty to LPG firms in Kor
cartel arrangement by lowering prices in an attempt to capture more of the market.
조작 : 시장을 장악하기 위해 가격을 낮춤으로써 카르텔(기업연합)의 협정을 어기는 것
55. Circular flow of income : The idea that the expenditures of one group are income for other groups. The income is then spent to create income for still other groups.
수입의 순환 : 한
진화 연구를 통해 서구 정당 조직의 양식은 대중 정당적인 조직으로부터 카르텔 정당(Cartel party)적인 조직으로 변화 한다고 주장했다
※카르텔 정당: 정당조직과 국가 기구간의 상호 침투의 결과로 인하여 정당 조직이 국가의 일부로 편입된 정당형태
캐츠와 마이어의 정당변화 모델