Laboratory Monitoring of Patients with HIV Infection
Patients with CD4+ T cell counts <200/L are at high risk of disease from P. jiroveci, while patients with CD4+ T cell counts <50/L are at high risk of disease from CMV, mycobacteria of the M. avium complex (MAC), and/or T. gondii. Patients with HIV infection should have CD4+ T cell measurements performed at the time of diagnosis and every 3&
degeneration and regeneration of muscle fibers + reaction to those changes (infiltration by fat and connective tissue); no abnormal storage of metabolic products.
4. All symptoms are effects of striated muscle weakness (heart and visceral muscles may also be involved).
5. Weakness becomes progressively worse (i.e. not static – vs. congenital myopathies, metabolic myopathies).
bone in complex bone structures such as the foot or spine. Follow-up evaluation then may be done with a computed tomography (CT) scan or magnetic resonance imaging (MRI).
• Help diagnose broken bones, such as a hip fracture or a stress fracture, not clearly seen on X-ray.
• Find damage to the bones caused by infection or other conditions, such as Paget's disease.
3. Indication
Enamel
√ Hard and white substance covering the teeth
√ The hardest and most highly mineralized
√ Protects the fragile underlying parts of the teeth
√ Covers the crown and supported by dentin
Component of enamel
√ 96% of enamel : mineral, water, organic material
√ contain two unique classes of proteins amelogenins and enamelins
√ The basic unit of enamel is called
Coffee
Coffee is reported to be among the most widely consumed beverages in the world.
For many people, coffee is a breakfast staple, providing a boost of energy to start the day.
Coffee is a complex chemical mixture reported to contain more than a thousand different chemicals.
Compounds in coffee may affect human health.
1. High blood pressure
Caffeine can cause a dramati