value of real fluctuated dramatically as the political and
economic environments became instable in Brazil and nearby countries. The fluctuation of real
caused extreme fluctuation in exchange rate and this condition gave severe risk to Dell Mercosur.
This kind of risk is called Foreign-exchange risk.
There are 3 types of exposure in foreign-exchange risk: Transaction
transactions. The value proposition that Amazon.com provided its consumers is diverse. As an online business, Amazon.com was allowed users to submit reviews on its web page after purchasing and using (or reading) each product. They also had to rate the product on a rating scale of one to five stars. Moreover, users are allowed to comment on official reviews. To have more reliable comments, Amazon
Transaction
1.Pre-Transaction elements
1) concept about pre-transaction elements
pre-transaction sets a climate for good customer service.
-written statements of customer service policy such as: when goods will be delivered after an order is placed. The procedure for handling returns and back orders so customer can know what kinds of service to expect. Therefore customer utilize division
value of common equity
+ Net effect of transactions with common shareholders
+ Capital contributions (share issues)
- Share repurchases
- Dividends
= Net cash contribution (negative net dividends)
+ Effect of operations and non-equity financing
+ Net income (from income statement)
+ Other comprehensive income
- Preferred dividends
= Comprehensive income (available to
valuated Nokia’s brand value as 8th in the world in 2010. In fact, it had been ranked in top 5 for past several years, but fell this year.
Nokia established absolute brand image in the global mobile phone market because it built up consistent image. It conquers the market through the low price products, but at the same time Nokia maintained the top grade high-technology in its business –