and F cells occupy the perimeters of islets, whereas the alpha, beta, and delta cells appear to be randomly interspersed.
Glucagon receptorThe glucagon receptor is a 62 kDa peptide that is activated by glucagon and is a member ofthe G-protein coupled family ofreceptors.
Stimulation ofthereceptor results in activation of adenylate cyclase andincreased levels ofintracellular cAMP.
Gl
, 근무력감, 월경 불규칙
Hyperactivity, irritability, dysphoria
Heat intolerance and sweating
Palpitation
Fatigue and weakness
Weight loss with increased appetite
Diarrhea
Polyuria
Oligomenorrhea, loss of libido
Signs
Tachycardia; atrial fibrillation inthe elderly
Tremor
Goiter
Warm, moist skinMuscle weakness, proximal myopathy
Lid retraction or lag
Gynecomastia
of thyroid hormone excess and is not synonymous with hyperthyroidism
But, the major etiologies of thyrotoxicosis are hyperthyroidism caused by Grave’s disease, toxic MNG, andtoxic adenomas
2. Pathogenesis (cont.)
Polymorphisms in HLA-DR, CTLA-4, and PTPN22 (a T cell regulatory gene)
The concordance for grave’s disease
- in monozygotic twins : 20-30%
- in dizygotic twins
receptor
D1, D5
D2,3,4
# Gs : Gs proteins activate adenylate cyclase, which, in turn, produces cAMP, which, in turn activates cAMP-dependent protein kinase. Further effects of Gs is thus found in function of cAMP-dependent protein kinase.
# Gi : Gi inhibits the production of cAMP from ATP, which, in turn, results in decreased activity of cAMP-dependent protein kinase. Thus, the ulti