the LPG wholesale prices for six years. Fair Trade Commission started investigation because the domestic LPG prices remained high despite of stabilized international price. It is revealed that LPG supply companies determined LPG sales price many times through theexchange of information and contact. Also, LPG suppliers established and enforced various ways to shirk competition and maintain price
ofthe fastest developing countries in the world, experiencing rapid growth since 1963. Real GNP grew at an average annual rate of 9.0 percent between 1963-93. As a result, Korea's status changed from an underdeveloped country in the 1960s to an upper mid-level developing country in the 1990s. It is well known that foreign debt and the government's active economic policy played an important role
influence of cartel
1)By increasing prices,
and 2)decreasing outputs
Cartel harms consumer’s benefit
History ofthe Leniency Program
Since the adoption ofthe U.S.
ofthe Leniency Program in 1973,
numerous countries, such as the EU,
the UK, Australia, have adopted it.
South Korea also adopted the program
in 1997
(legislated in 1996, enforced from 1997)
Pre- Gorbachev Soviet- Vietnames Discord
To answer the aforesaid question, we need evidence, above all, from the vietnamese and Russian archives, but it may also be useful to study the declassified reports ofthe East European Communist diplomats who were accredited to Hanoi in the 1980s. Namely, the Hungarian diplomats whose reports I read managed to collect an impressive amount of confiden
Ofthe factors which enabled Hanoi to enter the phase of comprehensive reforms, some have received much less coverage than others. Despite the wide array of publications about doi moi, relatively few scholars inquired into the possible influence of external factors - diplomacy, military policies, and foreign trade - on the economic decisions made by Vietnam's reform-oriented leaders. Vietnam's po