and in kidney with lesser amounts found in heart, adipose tissue, spleen, thymus, adrenal glands, pancreas, cerebral cortex, and gastrointestinal tract.
Effects of glucagon appear to be mediated by cyclic AMP
Activation of protein kinase A by cyclic AMP.
Phosphorylation of enzyme(activity increase or decrease) or phosphorylation of the transcription factor CREB.
Glucagon increases intracell
of NSCs to glioma cells. Another group of
investigators similarly implanted murine glioma cells mixed with murine neural stem cells transduced to
express interleukin-4 into syngeneic hosts, with 80% long-term survival compared with 40% with
nontransduced NSCs and none for controls. Both of these studies involved simultaneous inoculation of
tumor and NSCs with a high NSC/tumor cell ratio,
Development background
2. History of development
1960s
Discovery of colony-stimulating factors (CSF)
1980s
GM-CSF, M-CSF, G-CSF and multi-CSF
The human G-CSF was cloned
Usage for the treatment at first
1990s
first approval of Filgrastim by the US Food and Drug Administration
Launched Lenograstim
2000s
Launched PEG-filgrastim
Ⅰ. 서론
면역이란 말은 immunity라는 그리스어에서 유래하였으며 질병으로부터의 방어, 저항, 면제, 해방 등의 의미를 가지고 있다. 알레르기도 우리 몸속에서 일어나는 면역반응의 한 종유이지만 몸에 유해한 반응을 말하며 요즘 들어서는 과민성(hypersensitivity)이란 의미로 사용된다. 일반적으로 알레
and bell, 1988).
1) Increasing respiration support
(1) 대상
① 호흡유지가 필요 없는 환자 <참고 78p figure 3-5>
- 환자가 5초 동안 5~10cm of water의 성문하합을 지속적으로 유지할 수 있는 환자. (Netsell, Rosenbek, 1985).
② 호흡유지를 증진시킬 필요가 있는 환자
- speech와 같은 과제에서 3cm of water의 압