of the whole market. Leniency program is one which makes cartel broken by using ‘whistle blowers’. We choose the one example of Leniency program case “Imposing penalty to LPG firms in Korea”
The Fair Trade Commission decided to impose corrective order and surcharges on six LPG suppliers for having fixed the LPG wholesale prices for six years. Fair Trade Commission started investigation
To prevent a cartel harming consumer’s benefit,
lots of Governments adopted the Leniency program
1) Definition
a syndicate or trust of firms,
created to generate unfair profits
2) Bad influence of cartel
1)By increasing prices,
and 2)decreasing outputs
Cartel harms consumer’s benefit
History of the Leniency Program
Since the adoption of the U.S.
of the Leniency Pro
Case abstract
RUSSIAN FEDERATION: Award in Case No. 166/1995 of 12 March 1996 of the Arbitration Tribunal of Russian Federation Chamber of Commerce and Industry
Case law on UNCITRAL texts (CLOUT) abstract no. 461
Reproduced with permission of UNCITRAL
Abstract prepared by Alexander Komarov, National Correspondent
Under an agreement concluded in October 1993, a Russian company, the seller,
of their own officials and of companies from developed countries, although they are least able to afford its costs.
또한 종종, 부패는 세계의 가장 가난한 국가가 그들의 공무원과 선진들로부터 온 회사들의 부패로 인한 비용들을, 그들이 지불할 능력이 전혀 없음에도 불구하고 지불해야 한다는 것을 의미한다.
Moreover, available e
(1)-1. Drug pricing system and drug market characteristics
The drug repayment price in health insurance is determined by the Japanese ministry of labor welfare.
The labor welfare ministry periodically investigates market price of pro drug products in order to include the actual-trading price into the drug pricing method.
The insurance drug pricing system of Japan