▦ Physiologic Action of Gut Hormones
Criteria
① Peptide must be related into blood during time that a biologic response in a target organ is being stimulated or inhibited
② IV infusion of pure natural peptide must reproduce the effect on target organ
③ Synthetic peptide should reproduce the effect found with natural peptide
④ Circulating concentration of peptide that cause stimulat
inthe pampiniform plexus ofthe spermatic cord and scrotum.
Affects 15 - 20% of males.
Rare after 40yrs.
Asymptomatic found for infertility in 40 % males.
Pelvic mass compressing venous drainage of testicle
Dull ache at the end ofthe day or following exercise
Dragging or feeling of heaviness
Surgical intervention only if painful, infertile or testicular atrophy
Mostcommon cancer in
Lipopolysaccharides (LPS), also known as lipoglycans,
are large molecules consisting of a lipid and a polysaccharide
joined by a covalent bond; they are found inthe outer
membrane of Gram-negative bacteria, act as endotoxins and
elicit strong immune responses in animals.
LPS is the major component ofthe outer membrane of
Gram-negative bacteria, contributing greatly to the structu
of thyroid hormone excess and is not synonymous with hyperthyroidism
But, the major etiologies of thyrotoxicosis are hyperthyroidism caused by Grave’s disease, toxic MNG, and toxic adenomas
2. Pathogenesis (cont.)
Polymorphisms in HLA-DR, CTLA-4, and PTPN22 (a T cell regulatory gene)
The concordance for grave’s disease
- in monozygotic twins : 20-30%
- in dizygotic twins