The context of Motivation in Public Organizations
Sharp constraints on public workers that limit their motivation and ability to develop their organization.
Vague goals, both for individual jobs and for the organization; a weak sense of personal significance within the organization on the part of employees (Employees feel like they are no more than components in the organizat
Morality
We may think the Values, which are central to moral issue, are relative to personal or cultural preferences because of the relativity of truth. However, the non-relativity of truth does not imply the non-relativity of value. It is easy to think disagreement over a value in this respect like that between Julie and John concerning chocolate versus vanilla ice cream. We cannot prove that m
moral))인 서비스를 실행한다.(cited in Gordon, 1995)
4) 장학(supervision)의 전통적 접근
① 역사적으로 장학은 감시와 통제로 이루어졌으며, 교사들의 관계가 동등하지 않았음.
② 교사들이 생각하는 전통적 수업 장학(instructional supervision)의 함축(association)적 의미
→ Dog and pony show(겉만 번지르르한), Jumping thr
20세기 초 위대한 리더(great man)에 관한 이론은 특성이론(trait theories)로 발전되었다.
Trait : 한 개인의 능력, 동기 또는 행동의 패턴을 포함하는 일반적인 특성을 지칭한다.
20세기 중반까지 Trait 이론들은 리더는 다른 사람들과 구분되는 특성이 있다고 주장해 왔다.
20세기 중반 Ralph stogdill 이 그때까지
Jean Piaget(1896–1980)
Swiss developmental psychologist and philosopher
the Director of the International Bureau of Education
the International Center for Genetic Epistemology
genetic epistemology
(cognitive development)
2-1 . Features of cognitive development
Assimilation
:the process of accepting a new scheme
based on the original scheme
Equilibration
:the proce