workers was large. This relationship seemed likely to continue indefinitely but these original expectations proved illusory.
1) Changes in life expectancy
Changes in life expectancy affect public pension programs. For example the US social security system the typical worker who reached the system normal retirement age of 65 was expected to live another 12 years. And today the time is getting
Income Versus Social Class
○ More money - higher social standing
○ Income is not strongly related to social class for several reasons.
1.income levels often overlapsocial classes.
2.income increases greatly with age, but older workers do not automatically achieve
higher social staus.
3.in many countries an increasing numberof dual career familie
workers in large part of business sales position that contact customers directly to improve profit structure. In general, temporary employees doesn’t maintain their own job until they retire (even their retirement isn’t guaranteed.) because they always worry about firing and unfair salary, and their worries result in decline of motivation. Because of low motivation, temporary employees cannot
Worker of the World (IWW) : An international union that organized American steelworkers after World War I. The IWW was viewed as socialistic in the United States and this contributed to its demise.
세계 산업 노동자 연맹: 제 1차 세계 대전 이후에 미국 철강 공장 노동자들이 조직한 국제 노동조합. 세계 산업 노동자 연맹은 미국에서 사회주의적으
rate 3%, using incentive system to reduce turnover rate
3. Wage
administrative employees - U$150-250
laborer - U$80-90
4. Producing, Selling, Exporting
Daily average production 3,000 PCs, Error rate 5%, Export100%(us 90%, europe 10%)
5. Financial management
borrowing money from Indonesia finance institution through their partner company, with 9% interest rate per year
Too centralized
Discovering and developing other sources of income
e.g. providing vacant area and taking rental fee, increasing ads…
Careful introducing new systems or procedures
Conducting prudent cost-benefit analysis before implementation
Changing wasteful wage-payment style
Employee’s participation in appointing managers
Eliminating unnecessary project
이상적인 노동시장에서 임금의 움직임이 자유로우면, 노동의 초과공급(실업)이 발생할 수 없다.
그러나 다음 네 가지 이유로 임금의 조절기능이 불완전하게 된다.
최저임금제(Minimum-wage laws)
노동조합(Unions)
효율임금(Efficiency wages)
직장탐색(Job search)
최저임금이 균형임금보다 높게 설정되면, 노
who is
hired by his labor union.
They pay the wages they
get from union cost.
Also it is custom for labor unions not to demand financial support.
However, An employer shall permit an employee of
his who is an official of an independent trade union
recognised by the employer to take time off during
his working hours for the purpose of carrying out
any duties of his.
workers. Nordstrom is a company always worried about the professional development of its employees. It provides proper training for facing actual and future challenges.”
“Management consistently trains employees. Classes are held often attended by not only new hires but by old employees. The company gives you a sense of family, a sense of belonging. Employees are given a chance to meet mem
- Because of financial crisis, the number of pay workers has gotten decrease obviously, but the number of pay workers hasn't gotten decrease through total term of financial crisis.
- On the contrary, the number of no pay workers around 1 million was decrease, then because of financial crisis it was decrease above 4 million.
◇ Following this phenomenon, the number of unemployment has been in