on molecules by either
Action on the molecule themselves
Or through “handles” such as glass beads, polystyrene beads or metallic particles attached to molecules.
exerts forces on objects through the transfer of momentum from the fluid to the object
Advatages
Liquids surrounding the tethered macromolecule can be easily replaced.
Flow can be used to introduce new beads or biomolecules
made equal to the pixel size of the underlying sensor array and enable the unique mapping of each hole to a pixel. The lateral displacement of the holes across the channel can be made arbitrarily small and it defines the resolution of the microscope. This approach enables the construction of microscopes with resolutions that are much finer than the pixel resolution of a conventional sensor grid
Histoplasmosis
Acquired by inhalation of dust particles from contaminated soil
Markedly resemble Tbc
Macrophages are the major target of infection
Patients with acquired immunodeficiency syndrome are susceptible to disseminated infection with Histoplasma (opportunistic pathogen)
Diagnosis
Culture
Identification of the fungus in tissue lesions.
Serologic tests for antibodies and antigen.
Granulomas (miscropic nodules), consisting particles, live and dead cells, and debris and could impair cellular and physiological (gas exchange) lung functions and give rise to fibrosis, more defined nodules, and other lesions.
Fibers are generally of more health hazard than other forms of particulates. It is well established that the pathogenicity of a fiber in the lungs directly correlates
is harmful to human health in its own right.
2. NOx reaction produces tropospheric ozone.
3. NOx causes acid rain, smog, and destruction of forests.
- This problems become more serious due to the rapid increase of car.
Sensitivity
▪ Temperature
▪ Catalyst
▪ Large surface area
▪ Low carrier concentration
▪ Small grain size
▪ Metal oxide structure
3. Experiment Method
A measurement method of sample of powder form is an x-ray diffractometor(Fig. 9).
Fig. 9. An x-ray diffractometer.
3.1. Making of Sample Powder
A Sample is made a powder form. A diameter of powder has good reproducibility as smaller. But generally 10~35μm is a suitable size of sample. We must caution a deterioration by air, gas, humidity and pouri
1. Cleaning
- For elimination particle
2. Deposition
- Formation some material layer on the substrate
3. Photolithography
- Formation some pattern
4. Etching
- Elimination substrate or PR layer
Material to be evaporated is heated to
increase vapor pressure
In a reasonably high vacuum, material
atoms fly to a target and stick onto the
surface
Source materi
small amount of additional "promoter" material. When the process begins, the hydrogen gas converts the catalyst to pure iron. Gradually, as the iron catalyst is poisoned by carbon and sulfur compounds, it becomes less effective and must be replaced. Nitrogen gas for the synthesis process comes from the atmosphere, while most of the hydrogen needed is extracted from natural gas sources. Once ammon
particle (CBB)
ETC (CBC)
target organ(D)
organ(DA)
cardiovascular (DAA)
gastrointestinal (DAB)
nervous system (DAC)
ocular (DAD)
vaginal (DAE)
respiratory (DAF)
ETC (DAG)
disease(DB)
cancer (DBA)
cystic fibrosis (DBB)
VASCULAR DISEASE(DBC)
ETC (DBD)
2. 분석대상의 기준
(1) 조사 대상 기간
2005.1.1~현재
(2) 조사 대상 국가
한국, 일본, PCT, 미국